Day 1
Mark's perspective
Mark 12
Rose B 6 8
Rose knows Mark has one of 10 12 14
If I had 14 I would say 20. If I had 10 I would say 18. I have 12 so pass

Rose perspective 
Mark 10 12
Rose 8
Mark knows Rose has one of 6 8 10
If Mark had 14 he would have said 20 so therefore Mark knows if I had 6 I would say 18. By passing I can eliminate 6 from the options he thinks I have. If I had 10 I would say 20. I have 8 so pass.

Day 2
Mark perspective
Mark 12
Rose 8
As Rose passed Mark can eliminate 6 as a possibility and now knows that Rose has 8 so calls 20 

Please note this solution only works because the numerical gap between the two possibilities of total bars is smaller than the numerical gap between the two sets of bars that Mark and Rose can see and Mark knows this to be true. If the gap was the same or smaller then the longer method would work but this would not.

If Rose actually had 6 bars then it plays out slightly differently but you reach the answer in the same amount of time:

Day 1
Mark's perspective
Mark 12
Rose B 6 8
Rose knows Mark has one of 10 12 14
If I had 14 I would say 20. If I had 10 I would say 18. I have 12 so pass

Rose's perspective
Mark 12 14
Rose 6
Mark knows Rose has one of 4 6 8 
If Mark had 10 he would have said 18 so therefore if I had 8 I would say 20. By passing I can eliminate 8 from the options he thinks I have. If I had 4 I would say 18. I have 6 so pass

Day 2
Mark's perspective
Mark 12
Rose 6
As Rose passed Mark can eliminate 8 as a possibility and now knows that Rose has 6 so calls 18