Consider the classic pencil and paper game [Dots and Boxes][1] . You can assume the 2 by 2 version (that is with 9 dots). > Starting with an empty grid of dots, players take turns, adding a > single horizontal or vertical line between two unjoined adjacent dots. > A player who completes the fourth side of a 1×1 box earns one point > and takes another turn. (The points are typically recorded by placing > in the box an identifying mark of the player, such as an initial). The > game ends when no more lines can be placed. The winner of the game is > the player with the most points. ![enter image description here][2] Note that there are at most 12 moves in the entire game and I think there will be between 9 and 11 turns. > The puzzle is to determine if the game is a win, lose or draw for the > first player assuming optimal play by both sides. Clearly you could brute force it by computer, which is fine and perfectly interesting, but not as interesting as a human understandable proof. [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_and_Boxes [2]: https://i.sstatic.net/blhGw.png