In the October 2003 issue of MIT Technology Review, Donald Aucamp offered this conundrum:

Three logicians, A, B, and C, are wearing hats. Each hat displays a positive integer, and each logician can see his companions’ numbers but not his own.

All of them know that the numbers are positive integers and that one of the numbers is the sum of the other two. The three then take turns to see who can determine his number first. In the first round, all three pass, but in the second round, A correctly states his number is 50. What are the other two numbers, and how did A know that his was 50?