A Periodic Puzzle

Question

Entry into Fortnightly Topic Challenge #38: Reusing Information 1

Isn't it nice to have the same information to depend on, that you know will be reused? ... Wait, who said that you were getting that information?

Hint 1 (Incorrect Integers):

What might that green arrow point out? [For the colourblind, the green arrow is the only arrow without a question mark underneath.]

Hint 2 (Weird Weights):

I wonder why lithium has "CPU" under it, and whether that might help work out what the other weights mean.

Hint 3 (Incorrect Integers):

There are exactly two of each '(1)', '(2)' and '(3)'.

Hint 4 (Incorrect Integers):

The extraction to a word from this puzzle is similar to Weird Weights in the final step.

Hint 5 (metapuzzles):

The letters in the grey circles at the top spell “meta” when rearranged.

Hint 6 (metapuzzles):

This structure is very important to the metapuzzle, and may remind you of something else:

Hint 7 (metapuzzles):

The above image specifically relates to ionic bonds.

Hint 8 (metapuzzles):

What do the four circles represent in the “meta” at the top of the image, and what happens to the circles in an ionic bond?

Answer 1

Leaving a partial solution because I'm going to sleep soon

Incorrect Integers

Part 1

Drawing lines through the pairs of numbers

Part 2

each pair of lines intersect at one element

 (1) | 18 | Argon  | Ar
 (2) | 6  | Carbon | C
 (3) | 8  | Oxygen | O 

Answer

This spells arco

Weird Weights

Part 1

The 'atomic weights' of each element are pairs of atomic numbers. Each pair of elements shares a common letter which can be joined together to spell out the next clue.

|    |     4 | lithium    |     6.94 | CPU  |   |
|  1 | 17(2) | titanium   |   34.117 | SETS | S |
|  2 | 10(1) | hexose     |   67.118 | HOOG | O |
|  3 |     3 | sorbose    |   110.46 | DSPD | D |
|  4 |     4 | luminance  |    47.56 | AGBA | A |
|  5 |     5 | table      |   116.23 | LVV  | V |
|  6 |  7(3) | iodine     |    85.20 | ATCA | A |
|  7 |  4(2) | ostinato   |    25.28 | MNNI | N |
|  8 |     8 | nickel     |    18.33 | ARAS | A |
|  9 |     9 | infinity   |    66.64 | DYGD | D |
| 10 |    10 | spas       |    83.77 | BIIR | I |
| 11 |    11 | #ERR       |  108.106 | HSSG | S |
| 12 | 15(1) | rheometer  |    89.91 | ACPA | A |
| 13 |    13 | adenosine  |  114.103 | FLLR | L |
| 14 |  2(3) | olelbis    |    71.94 | LUPU | U |
| 15 |    15 | elementary |  115.101 | MCMD | M |
| 16 |    16 | sodium     |     3.22 | LITI | I |
| 17 |    17 | creation   |   102.50 | NOSN | N |
| 18 |    18 | NTIME      |    95.31 | AMGA | A |
|    | 16(0) |            |          |      |   |
|    |       |            |          | ZNBK | ? |
|    |       |            | nitrogen |      |   |  

Part 2

The double letters spell: SODAVANADISALUMINA
soda (sodium) vanadis (vanadium) alumina (aluminium)

Answer

The element symbols spell naval

Abnormal Appellations
I've noticed that

the number of letters in each word match the corresponding element

Answer 2

Abnormal Appellations

As4s4hetic has observed that the names of the elements in the periodic table in the puzzle and in the actual periodic table have the same length. There is no alternative name for element 11, which is sodium.

The chemical symbols (H, He, Li, ...) are abbreviations of the element names. Find the positions of the letters of these abbreviations in the name and take the corresponding letters from the names given here. (The symbol for sodium is Na from the Latin name natrium, but neither N nor A are in sodium, hence the error.)

        Hydrogen        Titanium        t.......
        HElium          HExose          he....
        LIthium         SOrbose         so.....
        BEryllium       LUminance       lu.......
        Boron           Table           t....
        Carbon          Iodine          i.....
        Nitrogen        Ostinatn        o.......
        Oxygen          Nickel          n.....
        Flourine        Infinity        i.......
        NEon            SPas            sp..
        sodium          #error
        MaGnesium       RhEometer       r.e......
        ALuminium       ADenosine       ad.......
        SIlicon         OLelbis         ol.....
        Phosphorus      Elementary      e.........
        Sulfur          Sodium          s.....
        ChLorine        CrEation        c.e.....
        ARgon           NTime           nt...

The letters spell: The solution is preadolescent.