Suppose two players are playing a game. The first player chose an integer, n st. $n \in \left\{ 1,\ldots ,30\right\}$. The second player picks a different one. After that, a random integer x st. $x \in \left\{ 1,\ldots ,30\right\}$ will be generated. The player whose number is closer to $x$ gets paid $x$ dollars.
Q: Would you go first or second? What number should you pick?
Q: Would you go first or second?
First
because
There is a "middle number" splitting the values, so that no matter which side the second player picks as his winning numbers, the other side plus the middle number gives better expected value for the first player.
Q: What number should you pick?
22.
The second player would then choose
21, because 23 would give him slightly worse EV.
Anyway, let's calculate the EV in both cases:
Since each number hits with equal probability, and the size of the win is equal to the winning number, summing each player's winning numbers gives an adequate way to compare the expected wins. (For the actual EV, divide each number by 30.)
If player 2 chooses 21:
* Player 1 wins on 22 to 30. 22+23+...+30=234
* Player 2 wins on 1 to 21. 1+2+...+21=231
If player 2 chooses 23:
* Player 1 wins on 1 to 22. 1+2+...+22=253
* Player 2 wins on 23 to 30. 23+24+...+30=212
After fixing the silly typo that caused my calculations to be wildly off, turns out my result is the same as JimSi's. Since his method, while definitely correct, is much more complicated than the one I used, I'm leaving this answer up too.
My approach to this was probably not the best:
For a given n (that player 1 chooses), player 2 will choose n+1, or n-1.
I had four EVs:
$E_{1A}\left( X\right) $: for player 1 when player 2 chooses above— $n+1$, $E_{1B}\left( X\right)$: when player 2 chooses below, $n-1$, and $E_{2B}\left( X\right)$ and $E_{2B}\left( X\right)$ respectively.
So for example
$ E_{2B}\left( X\right) = \dfrac {n-1}{30}\times \dfrac {n}{2}=\dfrac {n^{2}-n}{60}$.
If player 1 chose n = 20 and player 2 chooses below i.e. 19, they have a 19/30 probability of being closer, multiplied by an average value of $\dfrac {19+1}{2}+1$
To want to go first, $E_{1A}\left( X\right)-E_{2A}\left( X\right) > 0$ and $E_{1B}\left( X\right) - E_{2B}\left( X\right)$ > 0, this only occurs when n = 22, so that is the answer I got, I feel like it was a long winded method.
It is not mentioned that if this game is going to be played like forever or once, but by wording I believe this is one time game, so you can only play this game only once. So the rest will be according to this assumption:
Let's say
Instead of $ \left\{ 1,\ldots ,30\right\}$, let's make it $ \left\{ 1,2,3 ,4\right\}$, so the first player optimal option will be obviously $3$. Because second player is forced to choose between $2$ and $4$. If he chooses $2$, he will win if the outcome is $1$ or $2$ (or 50% chance to win), if he chooses $4$, he can only win if outcome is $4$ (which is 25% chance to win). So the optimal choose will be $2$ if you want to increase his chance to win and but if he wants to maximize the expected value, he needs to go for $4$.
So, let's say the first players want to increase to chance to win instead of money;
The first player becomes advantageous with the higher expected value, $3\times0.25+4\times0.25=1.75$ whereas for second player it is $1\times0.25+2\times0.25=0.75$ and their chances to win the game is equal!
similarly, if the first players maximizes the expected value, he needs to go for
$4$ and the expected value of second player becomes $1$, whereas the first player's expectec value is $1.5$, which is $0.25$ is lower but the chance to win of first player was $50\%$ before, but now it is $75\%$!
So whatever the second player thinks to play, the first player will be
advantageous!
Let's make it
$\left\{ 1,2,3,4,5,6\right\}$ now, the player one will go for $5$ if he wants to optimize the expected value at the end but his chance to win will drop drastically compared to $ \left\{ 1,2,3 ,4\right\}$. He will naturally force to second player to go to $4$. and the $E(P1)=11$ points and $E(P2)=10$. But the chance to win the game for first player is only 33%, whereas second player has chance to win 66% which is as twice as first player. But statistically, for player 1, going for $5$ was the optimal by means of Expected Value, but what if he wants to win? he would go for $4$, so players two would go to $5$ and the chances to win would be reversed than before. Player 1 would have chance to win 66% whereas player 2 would have 33% chance to win with a little higher expected value than player 1.
Similarly, nothing would change much with $ \left\{ 1,\ldots ,30\right\}$, It actually depends on that
The question is, you want to win or you want to optimize/maximize your profit with highest expected value?
Think about it,
if this question was asked for 1 million dollars to 30 million dollars, you would think of winning the game or maximizing your expected value?
So,
I believe there are two answers to this question depending on you would like to win or you would like to maximize your expected value, because you may even be okay with 1 million dollar to win? so it depends on the value of $30\$$ in your mind.
As a result,
Being first player is advantageous in general, because he/she can think of the expected value, chance to win, and the value of the winning the game for both sides and force the second player to play whatever he/she wants. For me, 30 dollars is not that much, so I would go for $22$ previously answered to maximize my expected value, but some other might think of going for $16$ to maximize his chance to win against the player who would think the same way.
Say the first player picks the number $n$. How should the second player choose their number $m$?
Their aim is to maximise the size of the set $$\{x:x\text{ is closer to $m$ than to $n$}\}$$ compared to the set $$\{x:x\text{ is closer to $n$ than to $m$}\}.$$ The cutoff point between these two sets is the point halfway between $m$ and $n$: in other words, the second player wants to make $\frac{m+n}{2}$ as close as possible to $n$. That means $m$ should be as close as possible to $n$, so the optimal choice is $m=n\pm1$.
Whether the plus or minus sign is chosen depends on the value of $n$. The two sets displayed above will now be $\{x>n\}$ and $\{x\leq n\}$ respectively if $m>n$, or $\{x<n\}$ and $\{x\geq n\}$ respectively if $m<n$.
So the second player's strategy is:
choose $m=n+1$ if $n\leq15$, or $m=n-1$ if $n\geq16$.
Given the above, what number $n$ should the first player choose?
WLOG, we can assume $n\leq15$ (otherwise, replace $n$ and $m$ by $30-n$ and $30-m$ and use the same logic). Then we have $m=n+1$, and the second player's chance of winning is $\frac{30-n}{30}$ while the first player's chance is $\frac{n}{30}$. So to maximise their chance, the first player should choose $n=15$.
So by symmetry, the optimal choice is
either $n=15$ or $n=16$.
With both players playing optimally, their chances of winning are
exactly half each.
If Player 1 chooses a number under 16, 2 can just choose $n+1$, as that way he'll win for any $x$ value over 1's number $n$ (from 16 at most to 30), and win more on average.
If 1 picks one over 15, it becomes more complicated in that 2 must also make sure he gets the best expected result besides just winning. Among the numbers below $n$, the best option would be $n-1$, which gives the expected result $(n-1)n/60 = (n^2-n)/60$. If 2 is going to pick a number above $n$, $n+1$ is his best bet, which gives $(n+31)(30-n)/60 = (930-n^2-n)/60$. So, if $n^2>465$ ($n>21$), 2 must pick $n-1$, otherwise $n+1$.
That means if $n>21$, 1's expected value is $(n+30)(31-n)/60 = (930-n^2+ n)/60$ and 2's is $(n^2-n)/60$ with the former ONLY exceeding the latter if $n=22$. If $n<22$, 1's expected value is $(n^2+n)/60$ and 2's is $(n+31)(30-n)/60 = (930-n^2-n)/60$ with the latter always exceeding the former, so you can only guarantee winning more than a perfect opponent if you're first and you pick 22.
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