Here is a solution where the number of pieces is
5.
I believe that fewer pieces is not possible, but do not have proof. Here are some observations that might lead to a proof:
The 4 corners of the 17x17 square must come from four different pieces. Suppose there were only 4 pieces, one in each corner. All the squares along any side of the 17x17 square must come from the two pieces at the nearest corners because the other two corners are too far away. The 8x8 is too small to provide two pieces that cover a complete side. Therefore pieces from the 15x15 must cover two diagonally opposite corners of the final 17x17.