A 3 digit perfect square and its reverse are both perfect squares. What is the number?

Question

A three-digit perfect square number is such that if its digits are reversed, then the number obtained is also a perfect square. What is the number?

For example, if 450 were a perfect square then 054 would also have been be a perfect square. Similarly, if 326 were a perfect square then 623 would also have been a perfect square.

I am looking for a non brute force approach.

Bonus: How many such numbers are there such that the number and its reverse are both perfect squares?

What's a general method to find such an n digit number, for a given n?

Answer 1

Let $[a_r,\dotsc,a_0]$ denote $\sum_{i=0}^r a_i10^i$ with $0\leq a_i\leq 9$. Let $0\leq n \leq 999$ be a perfect square, say $n=m^2$, where $m=[a,b]$.

Note that $m\leq 31$, so that $0\leq a\leq 3$. Assume for a moment that \begin{equation} \label{eq1} b\leq 3 \qquad\text{and}\qquad 2ab\leq 9.\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad (*) \end{equation} Then $n=[a^2,2ab,b^2]$ and its reverse is also a square, namely $n'=[b^2,2ab,a^2]=[b,a]^2$. The pairs $(a,b)$ satisfying (*) with $a\leq b$ lead us to:

1. $m=[0,0]$ yielding $n=000$
2. $m=[0,1]$ yielding $n=001=1^2$, $n'=100=10^2$
3. $m=[0,2]$ yielding $n=004=2^2$, $n'=400=20^2$
4. $m=[0,3]$ yielding $n=009=3^2$, $n'=900=30^2$
5. $m=[1,1]$ yielding $n=121=11^2$
6. $m=[1,2]$ yielding $n=144=12^2$, $n'=441=21^2$
7. $m=[1,3]$ yielding $n=169=13^2$, $n'=961=31^2$
8. $m=[2,2]$ yielding $n=484=22^2$

agreeing with the list given by @kagami. When (*) does not hold, then if $b\geq 4$, then $a\leq 2$ and one checks by hand that if $m$ is any of $$ 4,\dotsc,9,14,24,15,25,16,26,17,27,18,28,19,29 $$ then $m^2$ reversed is not a square (I couldn't come up with a shortcut for this last step). Since $m=23$ also doesn't work, the above list is complete.

A general method should be hard to find, but the above approach may be used to produce more examples: if one takes $m=[a,b,c]$ subject to the conditions $$ a^2,2ab,b^2+2ac,2bc,c^2 \leq 9 $$ then $m^2=[a^2,2ab,b^2+2ac,2bc,c^2]$, so that its reverse is also a square, namely $[c,b,a]^2$. For example,

1. $221^2=48841$ and $122^2=14884$
2. $201^2=40401$ and $102^2=10404$
3. $301^2=90601$ and $103^2=10609$

and so on.

One can produce more numbers by taking $m=[a_r,\dotsc,a_0]$ satisfying similar conditions; in general, if you take $a_i\in \{0,1,2\}$ with lots of zeroes in the middle you will get a new example, as in @kagami's last examples. This method will give only answers with an odd numbers of digits, though.

Edit: Answering @kagami's comment, it turns out to be very hard to find examples with an even number of digits. I did a computer search for $m$ up to $10^8$ and, discarding cases ending with zeroes, I have found only:

1. $1809 = 33^2$, $9801=99^2$
2. $698896 = 836^2$
3. $10036224 = 3168^2$, $42263001 = 6501^2$
4. $637832238736 = 798644^2$
5. $1021178969603881 = 31955891^2$, $1883069698711201 = 43394351^2$
6. $4099923883299904 = 64030648^2$

I would expect that there is only a finite number of such examples.

Answer 2

121, 144, 169, 441, and 484, and 961 should be all of them, assuming leading 0s are no good. With the question as written, I interpret leading zeros being ok for the reversed sequence, which lets us include 100, 400, and 900. We can square any two digit number less than 32 and whose reverse is less than 32 to get such a number.

For any odd n, I can just take $(10^{(n-1)/2} + 1)^2$, which will be a palindromic perfect square of the form 1000...2...0001. Even simpler is just $10^{n-1}$. For n = 4, it looks like $33^2$ = 1089 => 9801 = $99^2$ works, so we can just square $33 * 10^{n/2 - 2}$ for any even $n \ge 6$

Answer 3

100 is the square of 10. then reverse it 001, then 1 is also a perfect square.